To increase/decrease the font size in terminal -> Ctrl +/–
pwd
It will display the present working directory name
cd
Used to change the directory
- To Change Directory – cd /cygdrive/D/VLSI/
- To move previous directory – cd ..
- To move two directory back – cd ../../
- Pressing two times tab will provide list of directories
ls
To list all the files in the directory
mkdir
To make directory
mkdir DFT
rmdir
To remove directory
rmdir DFT
history
To view history of commands we used
man
To view user manual page
man pwd
touch
To create file
touch file1.txt file2.v file3.txt
To create multiple files
touch file_{1..10}.txt
rm
To remove files
rm file.txt file.v
mv
To move files from one directory to another directory
mv /D/VLSI/file.txt /E/DFT/
To move directory inside another directory
mv vlsi2020 vlsi2022
To move content of file1 to file2 and delete file1 (to rename file/directory)
mv file1.txt file2.txt
clear
To clear the terminal
cp
To copy files or groups of files or directories
cp <source_path><file.extension>[space]<destination _path>
cp /D/VLSI/Linux/Linux.docx /E/
cp –r /D/VLSI/Linux /E/
To copy directory with files use –r option
cat
To display the content of file
cat file_name.txt
To write/overwrite the content
cat>file_name.txt
To create new file and write content
cat>file_name.txt
To add a content without overwriting the old content
cat>>file_name.txt
Ctrl D
To exit
Ctrl Z
To stop the current job
head
To display top 10 lines of the file
head suku.txt
To display top 4 lines of the file
head -4 suku.txt
tail
To display bottom 10 lines of the file
tail suku.txt
To display bottom 4 lines of the file
head -4 suku.txt
tac
To display content in reverse order
tac file_name.txt
more
To reads files and displays the text one screen at a time
more file_name.txt
nl
To display the content in the file with line number
nl file_name.txt
wc
To count number of lines, words, and characters...
To display number of lines
wc –l file_name.txt
wc –c file_name.txt
To display number of words
wc –w file_name.txt
uniq
To ignore continuous duplicate entries in the file
uniq file_name.txt
diff
Compare the two different file's content and display the difference between them
diff file1.txt file2.txt
cmp
To compare two files content, byte by byte and help us to ensure two files are identical or not (if it doesn't match, it will display line number and character number)
cmp file1.txt file2.txt
sort
To sort the things in ascending order
sort file_name.txt
To sort the things in descending order
sort –r file_name.txt
chmod
To change the access to the file or directory
r – read o – others
w – write u – user
x – execute g – group
chmod u+x file_name.txt
chmod g+r file_name.txt
chmod o+w file_name.txt
chmod u-x file_name.txt
chmod 777 file_name.txt (all permission for all)
chmod 662 file_name.txt (read/write permission to user/group and write permission to others)
Command with Option:
Syntax: command –option file_name
To list out files details in long format
ls –l
To list out hidden files
Piping Concept
Used to combine one or more commands.
Output of one command is to be input of next command by using symbol “|”
command 1 | command 2
cat file_name.txt | wc
If we use > (redirecting symbol) in between the pipe, will break the piping. To avoid this use tee command.
tee
it is used to avoid breaking in pipe concept
regex (Regular Expression)
to searc/match the patterns
to use meta/wild card characters
ls *.*
ls ???.*
ls *.txt
ls [a-z].*
ls [0-9].*
ls a*.*
ls a*s.*
ls ??.txt
ls [!abc]*.* (! - not)
ls [[:upper:]].txt
ls [A-Z][0-9][a-z].*
ls [![:alnum:]]*.txt (files not start with alphabets and numbers)
ls {*.java,*.PY}
ls [[:alphabet:]].txt
xargs
to pass arguments to the commands
Example:
cat test.txt
t1.txt
t2.txt
cat test.txt | xargs rm
seq
seq 10 | xargs –i touch {}
find
find <file path>
find <file path> –type d “*”
find <file path> –type d -name “*”
find <file path> –type d -name “[0-5]”
find <file path> –type f -name “*.txt” –mmin +60
find <file path> –type f -name “*.txt” –mtime +60
find <file path> –type f –mmin +60
-cmin
-mmin
-amin
-newer
-
Example:
find /cygdrive/D/ -name “VLSI” -type d
find /cygdrive/D/ –type f –mmin +60
history
to list out previously used commands
alias
it is used to notate long command in short notation
alias m=”mkdir”
alias ll=”ls –ltr”
unalias
to remove alias
unalias ll
unalias m
to edit gvim files:
gvim ~/file name
gvim ~/.bashrc
source ~/.bashrc
popd
To pop the directory in stack (LIFO)
pushd
To push the directory in stack (FILsO)
grep – global regular expression pattern
- It is used to search the pattern
Syntax:
grep option “pattern” file_name
Example:
grep –o “unix” file.txt
awk
It is used for database manipulation. It enables a programmer to write tiny but effective programs in the form of statements
Environment variable/Global Variable
$SHELL
$PATH
X = “hello”
echo x
Data Processing/Data Manipulation Command
sed – stream editor
- To inserter, search/replace, delete particular line or to delete lines in range
sed 5d test.txt
sed 1,3d test.txt
sed 5,$d test.txt
sed ‘s/unix/linux/ ’ test.txt
sed ‘s/linux/unix/g’ test.txt (g - global)
sed ‘s/unix/linux/ 2’ test.txt
sed ‘s/fish/a “This is sukumar”’ file.txt
sed ‘s/fish/i “This is sukumar”’ file.txt
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